Endnotes
1	See Selected Bibliography at the end of this document for sources of particular relevance.
2	The United Nations Office of the High Commission for Human Rights, Poverty – What is Poverty? [document on-line]; available from www.unhchr.ch/development/poverty-02.html; Internet: accessed 03 May 2005.
3	This is argued not only by community-based advocacy groups but also by economic development organizations such as the OECD.
4	For example please refer to: UNICEF, Report Card No. 6, Child Poverty in Rich Countries (Florence: Innocenti Research Centre, 2005) p. 20
5	See pages 9-14.
6	For example please refer to: UNICEF, Report Card No. 6, Child Poverty in Rich Countries (Florence: Innocenti Research Centre, 2005) p. 14.
7	Government of Canada, Policy Research Initiative, Horizons vol. 7, no. 20 (December 2004) p. 5.
8	A well-written, easy to understand description of the various poverty measurements can be found in:   “Working Definitions of Poverty,” in The Canadian Fact Book on Poverty 2000 by David P. Ross, Katherine J. Scott and Peter J. Smith (Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development, 2000) pp. 13-44. For an additional description of the various poverty measures including an up to date description of the Market Basket Measure please refer to: Philip Giles, Low Income Measurement in Canada [document on-line]; available from www.statcan.ca/cgi-bin/downpub/listpub.cgi?catno=75F0002MIE2004011; Internet: accessed 15 May 2005.
9	Statistics Canada’s position is that it does not develop measures of poverty but rather “low income.” For a discussion on this see Ivan P. Fellegi, On poverty and low income [document on-line]; available from www.statcan.ca/english/research/13F0027XIE/13F0027XIE.htm; Internet: accessed 20 April 2005.
10	UNICEF, Child Poverty in Rich Countries, pp. 8 and 19.
11	Three main sources are used – the after tax Low Income Cut Off (LICO), an analysis based on Statistics Canada’s Social Policy Simulation Database Model (SPSD/M) carried out by the Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency and median family income. While SPSD/M uses LICO, it is a modeling technique to examine individuals and families and their economic relationships through the tax system and as such presents estimates which may vary from the published LICOs.
12	This paper will be available at HRLE">www.gov.nl.ca/HRLE as of July 2005.
13	Unless otherwise indicated, all data in this document come from Statistics Canada’s After Tax LICO based on tables obtained from the Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency. All data from this source are publicly available from Statistics Canada.
14	Most data on income and poverty are organized around the family unit assuming that all members of a household pool their income, and in turn, have equal access to the family’s economic resources. The definition of family used by Statistics Canada and used in this report is the “economic family”, defined as all occupants of a dwelling that are related by blood, marriage, adoption or common law relationships.
15	Low income gap is discussed in more detail in the “Depth of Poverty” section on page 6
16	Because of sample sizes, Urban and Rural analysis is not possible based on the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) – the survey data usually used for LICO estimates. This analysis uses census data.
17	Vik Singh, “The rural-urban income gap within provinces: An update to 2000.” Statistics Canada. Rural and Small Town Canada Analysis Bulletin vol. 5, no, 7 (December 2004).
18	Note the actual numbers are not directly comparable to others reported in this paper as Singh uses Before Tax LICO rather than After Tax LICO in his analysis. The before tax LICO in rural areas in Newfoundland and Labrador is 19.3 percent compared with 18.3 percent in urban areas.
19	Newfoundland and Labrador. Rural Secretariat. Background Document: Poverty Profile of the Northeast Avalon Region. October 2004.
20	This includes all census family types, including unattached individuals.
21	Please see the bibliography for a number of studies in this area.
22	Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Human Relations, Labour and Employment, Policy, Planning and Evaluation Division, Intergenerational Dependency on Social Assistance – A Final Report, prepared by New Wave Research Inc. 8 December 2003. Also available on-line from www.hrle.gov.nl.ca/hrle/publications/list.htm.
23	HRLE administrative data.
24	Prior to the current increases, a minimum wage earner working 35 hours per week and 50 weeks in a year would earn $10,500, falling below the low income cut off by anywhere from $321 for a single person in a rural area to $15,951 for a family of four in St. John’s.
25	Ron Saunders, “Does a Rising tide Lift all Boats? Low-paid Workers in Canada.” Canadian Policy Research Networks, 2005.
26	For example please refer to Ibid., pp. 25-26..
27	For a useful report on this topic please refer to: Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Human Resources, Labour and Employment, Understanding the Labour Market Landscape in Newfoundland and Labrador: A Baseline Report. A Framework for Labour Market Development. Also available on-line from www.gov.nl.ca/hre/publications/list.htm.
28	Newfoundland and Labrador. Rural Secretariat, Social and Economic Trends in Newfoundland and Labrador. July 2004. p. 14.
29	HRLE administrative data. Income Support eligibility policies vary between jurisdictions and this should be taken into account when considering comparisons.
30	The total “welfare” income (Income Support + total child benefits + federal GST + provincial tax credits) of couples with children in this province is the 3rd lowest, with New Brunswick and BC being lower. The total “welfare” income of single parent families and single employable adults in the province is higher than any other province. See Canada, Department of Public Works and Government Services Canada, National Council of Welfare Reports – Welfare Incomes 2004. Vol. 123, Spring 2005. pp. 106-107.
31	The NCB has allowed the province to provide broader programs to low income families, such as the extended drug card, family resource centres and child care services.
32	This supplements their generally low wages - averaging $8.00 an hour - and encourages them to remain in the workforce
33	There are currently 19 family resource programs supported through National Child Benefit and Early Childhood Development funding. Some programs offered by family resource centres include Healthy Baby Clubs (pre-natal support), drop-in play groups, and parent education. These are in addition to the 9 family resource programs funded directly by the federal government.
34	Quebec, Ministère de l’Emploi, de la Solidarité sociale et de la Famille, “Reconciling Freedom and Social Justice: A Challenge for the Future – Government Action Plan to Combat Poverty and Social Exclusion.” April 2004. p. 9.
35	Ibid., pp. 23-24.
36	National Child Benefit Progress: 2001 – Appendix 5 – Prince Edward Island [document on-line]; available from www.nationalchildbenefit.ca/ncb/NCB-2002/a5-PEI.html; Internet: accessed 10 May 2005.
37	British Columbia, Ministry of Provincial Revenue, Income Taxation Branch. BC Family Bonus [document on-line]; available from www.rev.gov.bc.ca/itb/fam/fam.htm; Internet: accessed 02 May 2005.
38	Ireland, Department of Social and Family Affairs, National Anti-Poverty Strategy – Background Note [document on-line]; available from www.welfare.ie/publications/naps/natantibgnote.html; Internet: accessed 03 May 2005.
39	Ireland, Department of the Taoiseach, Building an Inclusive Society – Review of the national Anti-Poverty Strategy under the Programme for Prosperity and Fairness [document on-line]; available from www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp?locID=353&docID=647; Internet: accessed 03 May 2005.
40	All dollar amounts reported are Canadian.
41	Ireland, Department of Social and Family Affairs, National Action Plan against Poverty and Social Exclusion 2003-2005 [document on-line]; available from www.welfare.ie/publications/naps/nactplan/index.html; Internet: accessed 03 May 2005.
42	Scotland, Scottish Executive, News Release – New £104 million anti-poverty Fund [document on-line]; available from www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2004/07/5793; Internet: accessed 03 May 2005.
43	Scotland, Scottish Executive, Financial inclusion action plan – part of the Scottish Executive’s Closing the Opportunity Gap approach to tackling poverty. January 2005. pp. 8-13.
44	UNICEF, Child Poverty in Rich Countries, p. 5.
45	An overview can be found in: PRI Project, “Exploring the promise of Asset-Based Social Policies: Reviewing Evidence from Research and practice – Synthesis Report.” Conference on Asset-based Approaches, Gatineau: December 8-9, 2003.
46	An example of such a project is the Learn$ave program where low-income individuals are to use matched funds for training, education or for initiating small businesses. For more information on Learn$ave, please refer to: Social Research and Demonstration Corporation, Learn$ave – A National Demonstration Project of Individual Development Accounts for Learning [document on-line]; available from http://srdc.org/english/projects/learnsave.htm; Internet: accessed 06 May 2005.
47	For example please refer to: Sue Colley, “Integration for a Change: How Can Integration of Services for Kindergarten-aged Children be Achieved?” The Integration Network Project. Toronto: February 2005. Also Available online at: www.inproject.ca/Working_Papers/HowCanIntegrationBeAchieved.php.